od

Display file contents in octal, decimal or hexadecimal format. Optionally display the byte offsets and/or printable representation for each line. More information: https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/od.

• Display file using default settings: octal format, 8 bytes per line, byte offsets in octal, and duplicate lines replaced with *:

od {{path/to/file}}

• Display file in verbose mode, i.e. without replacing duplicate lines with *:

od -v {{path/to/file}}

• Display file in hexadecimal format (2-byte units), with byte offsets in decimal format:

od --format={{x}} --address-radix={{d}} -v {{path/to/file}}

• Display file in hexadecimal format (1-byte units), and 4 bytes per line:

od --format={{x1}} --width={{4}} -v {{path/to/file}}

• Display file in hexadecimal format along with its character representation, and do not print byte offsets:

od --format={{xz}} --address-radix={{n}} -v {{path/to/file}}

• Read only 100 bytes of a file starting from the 500th byte:

od --read-bytes {{100}} --skip-bytes={{500}} -v {{path/to/file}}